The Record

The historical episode archive

This is the 98-episode record: 65 projection-eligible episodes plus context-only historical parallels. Eligible matches can shape conditional ranges; broader parallels can be plotted for comparison without changing the model. Filter by phase, era, type, and whether an episode is projection eligible or context only.

Phase
Era
Type
Use

Showing 98 of 98 episodes

2026

Recovery 2026

Recovery

Economic recovery with AI boom, Fed holds steady.

S&P, 12mo+15%
Fed0 bps
Energy+5%
10Y+0.1pp
Unemp-0.3pp
CPI-0.2pp
Gold+5%
DXY-2 pt
VIX18
2025

Tariff shock 2025

Crash

Global tariff escalation triggers market drop, Fed pauses cuts.

S&P, 12mo-8%
Fed0 bps
Energy-10%
10Y+0.2pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold+10%
DXY-4 pt
VIX25
2024

Fed cutting cycle 2024

Recovery

Fed pivots to cutting; soft landing confirmed; AI investment drives equities.

S&P, 12mo+24%
Fed-100 bps
Energy0%
10Y+0.5pp
Unemp+0.3pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+30%
DXY+8 pt
VIX14
2023

Soft landing narrative

Expansion

Fed hikes last time; inflation falling without recession. 'Immaculate disinflation.'

S&P, 12mo+4%
Fed+25 bps
Energy+5%
10Y+1.0pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold+15%
DXY+6 pt
VIX14
2023

SVB / regional bank crisis

Rebound

Silicon Valley Bank collapses; regional bank contagion, FDIC intervenes.

S&P, 12mo+15%
Fed+100 bps
Energy-15%
10Y+0.6pp
Unemp+0.3pp
CPI-1.5pp
Gold+16%
DXY+2 pt
VIX22
2022

Peak hawkishness / LDI crisis

Crash

UK LDI pension crisis; 10Y reaches 4.7%; Fed signals higher-for-longer.

S&P, 12mo+7%
Fed+150 bps
Energy-20%
10Y+1.1pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI-2.5pp
Gold+10%
DXY-5 pt
VIX28
2022

Fed tightening cycle 2022

Late cycle

Aggressive Fed rate hikes in response to post-pandemic inflation surge.

S&P, 12mo-18%
Fed+425 bps
Energy-6%
10Y+2.4pp
Unemp+0.1pp
CPI-4.0pp
Gold0%
DXY+3 pt
VIX25
2022· intlContext only

2022 UK Gilt / LDI Pension Crisis

Rebound

The Truss mini-budget triggers a gilt-yield spike and a liability-driven-investment collateral spiral; the Bank of England intervenes to prevent a pension-fund fire-sale.

S&P, 3mo-8%
Fed+75 bps
Energy
10Y+1.5pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI+2.0pp
Gold
DXY-5 pt
VIX28
2021· intl

China Evergrande / property crisis

Late cycle

Largest Chinese developer defaults; property sector contraction; demand-side commodity shock.

S&P, 12mo-8%
Fed+175 bps
Energy+30%
10Y+0.1pp
Unemp-1.0pp
CPI+3.5pp
Gold-3%
DXY+13 pt
VIX19
2021

Inflation acceleration

Late cycle

CPI prints above 5%; Fed insists 'transitory'; taper talk begins mid-year.

S&P, 12mo+11%
Fed0 bps
Energy+40%
10Y+0.1pp
Unemp-1.0pp
CPI+2.0pp
Gold-6%
DXY+8 pt
VIX18
2021

Stimulus / vaccine rollout

Expansion

Biden $1.9T stimulus; vaccine rollout accelerates; reflation trade drives yield spike.

S&P, 12mo+16%
Fed0 bps
Energy+35%
10Y+0.5pp
Unemp-1.8pp
CPI+3.5pp
Gold-3%
DXY+4 pt
VIX20
2020

Vaccine / reflation trade

Recovery

Pfizer vaccine (Nov 9) triggers massive rotation to cyclicals; yields begin rising.

S&P, 12mo+17%
Fed0 bps
Energy+55%
10Y+0.9pp
Unemp-1.5pp
CPI+2.5pp
Gold-3%
DXY+3 pt
VIX22
2020

Covid-19 shock

Crash

Pandemic demand collapse and emergency Fed cuts to zero; massive fiscal response.

S&P, 12mo+16%
Fed-150 bps
Energy-10%
10Y-1.2pp
Unemp+10.0pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold+24%
DXY-4 pt
VIX38
2020Context only

2020 Oil Price War & Negative WTI

Crash

A Saudi-Russia supply war collapses crude (WTI briefly below $0 on Apr 20, 2020) amid the COVID demand shock; an extreme energy/commodity dislocation.

S&P, 3mo-20%
Fed-100 bps
Energy-70%
10Y-1.0pp
Unemp+11.0pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold
DXY-9 pt
VIX57
2019

Yield curve inversion 2019

Recovery

2Y/10Y inverts; recession fears; Fed cuts 25bps in Sept, Oct, then pauses.

S&P, 12mo+10%
Fed-50 bps
Energy-10%
10Y+0.2pp
Unemp+0.1pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+25%
DXY-2 pt
VIX18
2019

Fed pivot / insurance cuts

Recovery

Powell pivots to 'patient', then cuts 3x as insurance; stocks recover to new highs.

S&P, 12mo+28%
Fed-75 bps
Energy+25%
10Y-0.7pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+18%
DXY+2 pt
VIX16
2018· intl

Turkey lira / EM crisis

Late cycle

Lira −40% vs USD; Fed hiking into EM stress; Argentina also forced to IMF.

S&P, 12mo-5%
Fed+100 bps
Energy-20%
10Y+0.2pp
Unemp0.0pp
CPI-0.3pp
Gold+2%
DXY+4 pt
VIX18
2018

Q4 2018 selloff

Crash

Powell hikes too far; S&P falls 20% peak-to-trough as financial conditions tighten.

S&P, 12mo-7%
Fed+50 bps
Energy-30%
10Y-0.4pp
Unemp+0.1pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold-3%
DXY-1 pt
VIX24
2018

Fed tightening cycle 2018

Late cycle

Gradual Fed hikes amid strong growth; reversed in 2019 amid trade war fears.

S&P, 12mo-6%
Fed+100 bps
Energy+10%
10Y+0.6pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI0.0pp
Gold-2%
DXY+7 pt
VIX16
2017

Reflation trade 2017

Expansion

Strong global growth; Fed hikes 3x, dollar weakens despite rate rises.

S&P, 12mo+18%
Fed+75 bps
Energy+5%
10Y-0.1pp
Unemp-0.6pp
CPI0.0pp
Gold+12%
DXY-9 pt
VIX11
2016

Trump election / reflation

Expansion

Trump victory triggers bond selloff, dollar surge on fiscal stimulus expectations.

S&P, 12mo+11%
Fed+50 bps
Energy+20%
10Y+0.6pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold-10%
DXY-7 pt
VIX14
2016

Brexit vote

Rebound

UK votes Leave; yields crash, equities tumble then recover as central banks ease.

S&P, 12mo+7%
Fed0 bps
Energy-10%
10Y+0.6pp
Unemp0.0pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold+15%
DXY0 pt
VIX20
2016

Oil rout / China fears 2016

Rebound

Oil hits $26, China devalues again; stocks plunge 10% in Jan, then recover.

S&P, 12mo+10%
Fed0 bps
Energy-30%
10Y-0.7pp
Unemp-0.3pp
CPI+0.8pp
Gold+8%
DXY+1 pt
VIX22
2015· intl

SNB removes Swiss franc cap

Rebound

Surprise cap removal; CHF +30% intraday; multiple FX brokerages fail; carry-trade unwind.

S&P, 12mo0%
Fed+25 bps
Energy-30%
10Y-0.2pp
Unemp-0.4pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+3%
DXY+10 pt
VIX17
2015

China devaluation shock

Rebound

PBOC surprise devaluation triggers global selloff; VIX spikes above 40.

S&P, 12mo-3%
Fed+25 bps
Energy-30%
10Y-0.4pp
Unemp0.0pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold0%
DXY+2 pt
VIX25
2015

Fed liftoff from zero bound

Late cycle

First rate hike after 7 years at zero; measured pace amid EM volatility.

S&P, 12mo+2%
Fed+25 bps
Energy-35%
10Y+0.3pp
Unemp-0.6pp
CPI0.0pp
Gold-12%
DXY+6 pt
VIX18
2014

Oil price crash 2014

Expansion

Brent falls 50%+ as US shale boom meets OPEC refusal to cut; EM stress.

S&P, 12mo+4%
Fed0 bps
Energy-52%
10Y-0.8pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI-1.8pp
Gold-1%
DXY+14 pt
VIX17
2013

Taper tantrum

Expansion

Bernanke hints at tapering QE; 10Y yields spike 130bps in weeks.

S&P, 12mo+16%
Fed0 bps
Energy+5%
10Y+1.3pp
Unemp-0.7pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold-28%
DXY+0 pt
VIX15
2012

Draghi 'whatever it takes'

Recovery

Draghi pledges unlimited OMT bond-buying; Eurozone crisis peaks and turns.

S&P, 12mo+5%
Fed0 bps
Energy-5%
10Y+0.3pp
Unemp+0.1pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+7%
DXY+1 pt
VIX18
2011

Eurozone sovereign debt crisis

Rebound

Greek, Italian, Spanish sovereign spreads blow out; ECB eventually acts as backstop.

S&P, 12mo+2%
Fed0 bps
Energy-12%
10Y-0.6pp
Unemp+0.3pp
CPI+1.0pp
Gold+10%
DXY+6 pt
VIX29
2011Context only

2011 US Debt-Ceiling Crisis & S&P Downgrade

Rebound

A political debt-ceiling standoff and the first-ever US AAA downgrade (Aug 2011) trigger a sharp risk-off and a paradoxical Treasury safe-haven bid.

S&P, 5mo-17%
Fed
Energy
10Y-1.3pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI
Gold
DXY+8 pt
VIX30
2010

Flash crash / Eurozone onset

Recovery

Flash crash in May; Greek crisis begins; risk-off despite Fed on hold.

S&P, 12mo+7%
Fed0 bps
Energy+15%
10Y-1.3pp
Unemp-0.3pp
CPI+1.0pp
Gold+30%
DXY-7 pt
VIX27
2009

US ZIRP era (2009–2015)

Expansion

Fed at zero bound for ~7 years; multiple QE rounds; secular low-vol, low-yield, asset-inflation regime.

S&P, 7yr+15%
Fed0 bps
Energy+15%
10Y-0.4pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI+0.3pp
Gold+25%
DXY-2 pt
VIX19
2009

QE1 / market bottom

Recovery

S&P 500 bottoms; Fed launches QE1, buying $1.7T in assets. Massive V-shaped recovery.

S&P, 12mo+65%
Fed0 bps
Energy+70%
10Y+0.7pp
Unemp+1.0pp
CPI+2.5pp
Gold+25%
DXY-9 pt
VIX35
2009· intlContext only

2009-10 Eurozone Debt Crisis Onset

Rebound

Greece's deficit revision ignites the European sovereign-debt crisis; peripheral spreads blow out and bank-sovereign doom-loop fears spread before the 2012 'whatever it takes'.

S&P, 15mo-10%
Fed
Energy+20%
10Y-0.3pp
Unemp+0.5pp
CPI
Gold
DXY-3 pt
VIX26
2008

Global financial crisis

Crash

Housing collapse triggering banking crisis and severe recession.

S&P, 12mo-38%
Fed-400 bps
Energy-55%
10Y-1.5pp
Unemp+3.5pp
CPI-5.5pp
Gold+4%
DXY+13 pt
VIX45
2007

Subprime crisis begins

Late cycle

Bear Stearns hedge funds collapse; subprime contagion spreads, Fed starts cutting.

S&P, 12mo-8%
Fed-100 bps
Energy+50%
10Y-1.1pp
Unemp+1.2pp
CPI+2.0pp
Gold+31%
DXY-7 pt
VIX24
2006

Fed pause / inverted curve

Expansion

Fed pauses at 5.25%; yield curve inverts, signaling future recession.

S&P, 12mo+14%
Fed+100 bps
Energy+10%
10Y+0.3pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+22%
DXY-1 pt
VIX12
2005

Housing bubble / conundrum

Expansion

Greenspan's 'conundrum': Fed hikes 175bps but long rates stay low; housing surges.

S&P, 12mo+10%
Fed+175 bps
Energy+20%
10Y+0.7pp
Unemp-0.3pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold+18%
DXY+2 pt
VIX13
2004

Fed tightening begins 2004

Expansion

Fed begins hiking from 1%; oil rising on China demand; housing boom continues.

S&P, 12mo+9%
Fed+125 bps
Energy+30%
10Y-0.1pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold+5%
DXY-3 pt
VIX15
2003

Iraq War / Fed at 1%

Recovery

Iraq invasion; Fed cuts to 1%, stocks begin bull market, dollar falls persistently.

S&P, 12mo+31%
Fed-50 bps
Energy-15%
10Y+0.5pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+20%
DXY-12 pt
VIX24
2002

Bear market bottom 2002

Rebound

S&P bottoms after 49% decline; Sarbanes-Oxley passes, Fed holds near 1%.

S&P, 12mo+44%
Fed-50 bps
Energy+30%
10Y+0.8pp
Unemp+0.5pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+25%
DXY-8 pt
VIX32
2001· intl

Argentina default / corralito

Crash

$95B sovereign default; corralito deposit freeze; convertibility plan abandoned.

S&P, 12mo-22%
Fed-150 bps
Energy+25%
10Y-0.5pp
Unemp+0.5pp
CPI-1.5pp
Gold+5%
DXY-7 pt
VIX28
2001

Dot-com bust and 9/11 recession

Crash

Tech collapse and geopolitical shock triggering mild recession; Fed cuts aggressively.

S&P, 12mo-13%
Fed-275 bps
Energy-15%
10Y-1.1pp
Unemp+1.8pp
CPI-2.0pp
Gold+2%
DXY+3 pt
VIX28
2000

Dot-com bust

Crash

Nasdaq peaks in March 2000 and collapses; Fed begins cutting in Jan 2001.

S&P, 12mo-24%
Fed-50 bps
Energy-15%
10Y-1.4pp
Unemp+1.2pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold-6%
DXY+5 pt
VIX26
1999

Y2K / tech bubble peak

Expansion

Fed hikes 75bps; yields rise, tech stocks surge into year-end before bust.

S&P, 12mo+11%
Fed+75 bps
Energy+80%
10Y+1.0pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI+1.2pp
Gold0%
DXY+4 pt
VIX20
1998

LTCM / Russia default

Rebound

Russian sovereign default and LTCM collapse; Fed cuts 75bps as contagion spreads.

S&P, 12mo+18%
Fed-75 bps
Energy-20%
10Y-0.8pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold0%
DXY-2 pt
VIX32
1997

Asian financial crisis

Rebound

Thai baht collapse triggers contagion across Asia; flight-to-quality into US Treasuries.

S&P, 12mo+15%
Fed0 bps
Energy-35%
10Y-1.2pp
Unemp-0.2pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold-21%
DXY+6 pt
VIX22
1996

Goldilocks 1996

Expansion

Soft landing achieved; strong growth, low inflation, equities melt up.

S&P, 12mo+21%
Fed+25 bps
Energy+15%
10Y+0.8pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI-0.3pp
Gold-5%
DXY+5 pt
VIX14
1995

Fed insurance cuts 1995

Expansion

Three 25bps cuts as insurance; stocks surge into year-end. Goldilocks begins.

S&P, 12mo+23%
Fed-75 bps
Energy0%
10Y-1.0pp
Unemp-0.3pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+1%
DXY+1 pt
VIX13
1994· intl

Mexico Tequila crisis

Rebound

Peso devaluation; US$50B Treasury+IMF bailout; EM contagion across LatAm.

S&P, 12mo+35%
Fed+50 bps
Energy-5%
10Y-1.6pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI+0.3pp
Gold-2%
DXY-3 pt
VIX14
1994

Bond market massacre 1994

Late cycle

Fed doubled rates from 3% to 6% in 12 months, triggering a global bond selloff.

S&P, 12mo+1%
Fed+300 bps
Energy-5%
10Y+2.5pp
Unemp-0.8pp
CPI0.0pp
Gold-2%
DXY-6 pt
VIX14
1993

Clinton bond market

Expansion

Clinton's deficit reduction plan; bond market rally, dollar weak, equities grind higher.

S&P, 12mo+7%
Fed0 bps
Energy-5%
10Y-0.5pp
Unemp-0.4pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold+17%
DXY-2 pt
VIX12
1992

ERM crisis / UK exits

Neutral

Soros breaks the Bank of England; UK forced out of European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

S&P, 12mo+8%
Fed-25 bps
Energy-5%
10Y+0.3pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI-0.5pp
Gold-6%
DXY+3 pt
VIX16
1991· intl

USSR collapse / ruble crisis

Rebound

Soviet dissolution; ruble convertibility shock; flight to USD assets; oil supply uncertainty into 1992.

S&P, 12mo+9%
Fed-200 bps
Energy-25%
10Y-1.0pp
Unemp+1.5pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold-5%
DXY+4 pt
VIX18
1991

Post-recession recovery 1991

Recovery

Gulf War ends; Fed cuts aggressively, stocks recover sharply from recession lows.

S&P, 12mo+30%
Fed-225 bps
Energy-30%
10Y-1.0pp
Unemp+0.5pp
CPI-2.0pp
Gold-5%
DXY-2 pt
VIX18
1990· intl

Japan asset bubble collapse

Crash

Nikkei from 39k → 8k over 13y; persistent deflation; zero-bound monetary policy; balance-sheet recession.

S&P, 10yr-4%
Fed-50 bps
Energy+35%
10Y-0.5pp
Unemp+0.3pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold-12%
DXY-2 pt
VIX23
1990

Gulf War recession

Crash

Oil shock from Iraq invasion of Kuwait combined with S&L crisis and credit crunch.

S&P, 12mo+7%
Fed-200 bps
Energy+20%
10Y-0.7pp
Unemp+2.2pp
CPI+2.5pp
Gold-8%
DXY-5 pt
VIX22
1989

S&L crisis / Fed easing

Late cycle

Savings & Loan collapse; Fed begins cutting as economy slows.

S&P, 12mo+12%
Fed-75 bps
Energy+5%
10Y-0.6pp
Unemp+0.3pp
CPI-1.0pp
Gold-3%
DXY-3 pt
VIX17
1987

Black Monday

Rebound

Rising yields and program trading trigger 22% single-day crash; Fed floods liquidity.

S&P, 12mo-22%
Fed-50 bps
Energy+15%
10Y-0.3pp
Unemp+0.1pp
CPI0.0pp
Gold+24%
DXY-4 pt
VIX36
1985

Plaza Accord / dollar collapse

Expansion

G5 coordinates dollar weakening; DXY falls ~30% over next two years. Fed eases.

S&P, 12mo+25%
Fed-75 bps
Energy-50%
10Y-2.2pp
Unemp-0.7pp
CPI-2.0pp
Gold+20%
DXY-22 pt
VIX16
1985· intlContext only

Japanese Asset Bubble (1985-90)

Expansion

Post-Plaza easing inflates a historic Japanese equity/land bubble (Nikkei toward ~39,000) before its 1990 collapse (captured separately by the lost-decade regime).

S&P, 5yr+60%
Fed
Energy-10%
10Y-0.5pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI
Gold
DXY
VIX16
1984

Mid-cycle tightening 1984

Expansion

Fed resumes hiking after brief 1982-83 ease; strong dollar era peaks.

S&P, 12mo0%
Fed+150 bps
Energy-5%
10Y+1.5pp
Unemp-1.2pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold-15%
DXY+18 pt
VIX14
1982· intl

LatAm debt crisis

Crash

Mexico default; cascading EM defaults across LatAm; 'lost decade' for emerging markets begins.

S&P, 5yr+40%
Fed-300 bps
Energy-10%
10Y-2.5pp
Unemp+0.2pp
CPI-3.5pp
Gold+15%
DXY+8 pt
VIX24
1982

Volcker pivot / easing

Recovery

Volcker abruptly reverses after deep recession; yields fall sharply, stocks surge.

S&P, 12mo+56%
Fed-550 bps
Energy-25%
10Y-4.2pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI-6.0pp
Gold+10%
DXY-8 pt
VIX22
1980

Volcker peak tightening

Late cycle

Volcker drives Fed funds to 20%; stagflation era, oil spike from Iranian revolution.

S&P, 12mo+26%
Fed+600 bps
Energy+40%
10Y+3.5pp
Unemp+2.0pp
CPI-3.0pp
Gold+15%
DXY+12 pt
VIX24
1979

Iranian revolution oil shock

Late cycle

Iranian revolution disrupts oil supply; crude doubles; Volcker begins aggressive tightening.

S&P, 12mo+16%
Fed+500 bps
Energy+170%
10Y+1.8pp
Unemp+0.3pp
CPI+4.5pp
Gold+120%
DXY-3 pt
VIX22
1978Context only

1978 dollar crisis

Late cycle

Carter-era dollar collapse; the trade-weighted USD hits a record low (~82, Oct 1978) before the Nov 1 dollar-rescue package; gold is bid, CPI accelerates toward the second oil shock, and the Fed tightens.

S&P, 12mo+10%
Fed+325 bps
Energy+10%
10Y+1.0pp
Unemp-0.4pp
CPI+2.0pp
Gold+33%
DXY-14 pt
VIX20
1974Context only

1974-75 Recession (Deeper Phase)

Crash

The stagflationary back-half of the 1973-75 downturn: equities reach a ~-48% bear-market trough in late 1974 amid double-digit CPI and rising unemployment.

S&P, 15mo-35%
Fed-100 bps
Energy+20%
10Y+0.5pp
Unemp+3.0pp
CPI+5.0pp
Gold
DXY
VIX30
1973

1973 OPEC oil embargo

Crash

Arab oil embargo after Yom Kippur War; crude quadruples, stagflation sets in, stocks crash 42%.

S&P, 12mo-42%
Fed-75 bps
Energy+230%
10Y+1.1pp
Unemp+1.4pp
CPI+5.5pp
Gold+70%
DXY-1 pt
VIX28
1972Context only

Nifty Fifty Valuation Unwind

Neutral

Premium-multiple blue-chip growth leaders peak after years of market leadership, then re-rate sharply as inflation, rates, and the 1973-74 bear market pressure long-duration earnings expectations.

S&P, 24mo-48%
Fed+100 bps
Energy+20%
10Y+1.0pp
Unemp+1.5pp
CPI
Gold
DXY
VIX32
1971

Bretton Woods collapse / Nixon shock

Late cycle

USD/gold convertibility suspended; 90-day wage-price freeze; secular floating-rate regime begins.

S&P, 3yr+13%
Fed-150 bps
Energy+25%
10Y+0.3pp
Unemp+1.0pp
CPI+4.0pp
Gold+45%
DXY-10 pt
VIX16
1969Context only

1969–70 recession & Penn Central credit crunch

Crash

Tight-money recession (NBER Dec 1969–Nov 1970); the Penn Central commercial-paper default (Jun 1970) triggers a liquidity crunch; equities −24% then recover as the Fed eases.

S&P, 12mo+1%
Fed-325 bps
Energy
10Y-1.1pp
Unemp+2.0pp
CPI+0.5pp
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX26
1966Context only

1966 credit crunch / inflation breakout

Late cycle

First post-war inflation scare; the Fed tightens into a credit crunch; equities −22% while unemployment stays low (no recession) — the original 'growth scare'.

S&P, 12mo-9%
Fed+75 bps
Energy
10Y+0.3pp
Unemp
CPI+1.5pp
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX22
1962Context only

1962 Kennedy Slide

Rebound

Sharp −23% equity crash (the 'Kennedy Slide') with NO recession; steel-price confrontation and a valuation reset; full recovery within the year. Pure sentiment/valuation drawdown.

S&P, 12mo+1%
Fed
Energy
10Y-0.1pp
Unemp-0.3pp
CPI
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX28
1957Context only

1957–58 recession

Crash

Sharp Eisenhower recession (NBER Aug 1957–Apr 1958); tight money then rapid easing; equities −17% then a V-shaped recovery. No credit event.

S&P, 12mo+2%
Fed-200 bps
Energy
10Y-0.7pp
Unemp+2.8pp
CPI-1.0pp
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX24
1953Context only

1953–54 recession

Recovery

Post-Korea mild recession (NBER Jul 1953–May 1954); Fed eases; equities bottom early (Sep 1953) and rally hard through 1954 — a forward-looking market leading the recovery.

S&P, 12mo+22%
Fed-50 bps
Energy
10Y-0.4pp
Unemp+2.8pp
CPI-0.5pp
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX16
1950Context only

Korean War commodity boom (1950–53)

Expansion

Korean War mobilisation; commodity and CPI spike (~+8% YoY) with FALLING unemployment; equities rally through the war boom. Fed–Treasury Accord (1951) ends the wartime rate peg.

S&P, 3yr+14%
Fed+25 bps
Energy+5%
10Y+0.1pp
Unemp-1.8pp
CPI+6.5pp
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX22
1948Context only

1948–49 post-war recession

Crash

Post-WWII inventory recession (NBER Nov 1948–Oct 1949); CPI swings from +8% to outright deflation; equities dip ~9% then recover. No financial stress.

S&P, 12mo+5%
Fed-25 bps
Energy
10Y-0.1pp
Unemp+2.5pp
CPI-5.0pp
GoldFixed
DXYFixed
VIX20
1947

Bretton Woods boom (1947–1967)

Expansion

Post-WWII reconstruction; pegged USD/gold; secular 20-year bull market; low inflation, full employment.

S&P, 20yr+11%
Fed+25 bps
Energy+5%
10Y+0.1pp
Unemp-0.5pp
CPI+0.5pp
Gold0%
DXY+1 pt
VIX12
1937Context only

1937-38 Roosevelt Recession

Crash

Premature fiscal/monetary tightening (higher reserve requirements, balanced-budget push) into a fragile recovery triggers a ~-50% equity decline. A canonical policy-error recession.

S&P, 14mo-40%
Fed
Energy
10Y-0.2pp
Unemp+5.0pp
CPI-1.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX34
1933Context only

1933 Banking Holiday & Recovery

Recovery

FDR's national bank holiday and the gold-standard exit mark the Depression's bottom; equities stage one of history's strongest rallies through 1933.

S&P, 12mo+55%
Fed
Energy
10Y-0.3pp
Unemp-1.0pp
CPI+1.0pp
Gold
DXY
VIX40
1929Context only

1929 Crash & Great Depression Onset

Crash

The Wall Street Crash begins a ~-89% peak-to-trough collapse (to 1932), waves of bank failures, ~-27% cumulative deflation and ~25% unemployment. The defining systemic depression.

S&P, 3yr-85%
Fed
Energy
10Y-1.0pp
Unemp+8.0pp
CPI-6.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX48
1920Context only

1920-21 Deflationary Depression

Crash

Post-WWI commodity bust and aggressive Fed tightening drive a brief but violent deflation (~-15% CPI) and ~-45% equity decline, then a rapid recovery.

S&P, 19mo-45%
Fed
Energy
10Y-0.5pp
Unemp+7.0pp
CPI-12.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX30
1914Context only

1914 Stock Exchange Closure (WWI Outbreak)

Crash

The NYSE closes for ~4 months as WWI erupts to prevent a forced-liquidation collapse; a geopolitical liquidity shock.

S&P, 6mo-30%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+2.0pp
CPI
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX36
1907Context only

Panic of 1907 (Knickerbocker Trust)

Crash

A failed copper corner collapses the Knickerbocker Trust; runs cascade until J.P. Morgan organises a private rescue. Spurred the creation of the Fed.

S&P, 12mo-38%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+3.0pp
CPI-2.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX38
1901Context only

Panic of 1901 (Northern Pacific Corner)

Rebound

A battle for control of Northern Pacific railroad corners its stock; the unwind triggers a sharp NYSE break. A leverage/short-squeeze shock.

S&P, 6mo-25%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp
CPI
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX32
1893Context only

Panic of 1893

Crash

Railroad over-building and a gold-reserve/silver crisis trigger a severe banking panic and one of the deepest US depressions before 1930.

S&P, 24mo-35%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+8.0pp
CPI-3.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX36
1890· intlContext only

Baring Crisis (1890)

Rebound

Barings Bank's Argentine-debt exposure nearly collapses it; Bank of England organises a rescue. An emerging-market sovereign-debt shock.

S&P, 12mo-15%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+2.0pp
CPI-1.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX30
1873Context only

Panic of 1873 & Long Depression

Crash

Jay Cooke's failure triggers a railroad-finance panic; the NYSE closes 10 days; a prolonged global deflationary depression follows to ~1879.

S&P, 6yr-45%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+10.0pp
CPI-4.0pp
Gold
DXY
VIX34
1869Context only

Black Friday Gold Panic (1869)

Rebound

Gould-Fisk corner of the gold market collapses on Sep 24, 1869 when the Treasury sells gold; a sharp speculative panic.

S&P, 6mo-12%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp
CPI
Gold
DXY
VIX38
1857Context only

Panic of 1857

Crash

Failure of Ohio Life Insurance triggers a railroad/banking panic amplified by the telegraph; sharp but relatively short, with deflation.

S&P, 12mo-45%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+6.0pp
CPI-4.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX34
1847· intlContext only

Panic of 1847 (UK Railway Mania)

Crash

British railway-investment mania collapses; commercial crisis and Bank Charter Act suspension. A speculative-overbuild bust.

S&P, 12mo-30%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+3.0pp
CPI-3.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX30
1837Context only

Panic of 1837

Crash

Speculative land/bank-note bubble bursts; specie circular + Bank War; a long deflationary depression to 1843. Hundreds of banks fail.

S&P, 5yr-50%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+8.0pp
CPI-6.0pp
GoldFixed
DXY
VIX32
1819Context only

Panic of 1819

Crash

First major US boom-bust: post-war land/cotton speculation collapses, the Second Bank contracts credit, widespread deflation and distress.

S&P, 3yr-28%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp+5.0pp
CPI-5.0pp
Gold
DXY
VIX28
1792Context only

Panic of 1792

Crash

First US financial panic: William Duer's speculative collapse; Hamilton's Treasury intervention pioneers a lender-of-last-resort response.

S&P, 12mo-22%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp
CPI
Gold
DXY
VIX30
1720· intlContext only

South Sea & Mississippi Bubbles (1720)

Crash

South Sea Co. shares run from ~£128 to ~£1,000 then collapse ~85%; France's Mississippi scheme bursts in parallel. First great stock-market bubble.

S&P, 12mo-82%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp
CPI
Gold
DXY
VIX42
1636· intlContext only

Tulip Mania (1637)

Crash

The archetypal speculative bubble: Dutch tulip-bulb futures prices spike ~20× then collapse in Feb 1637. The original mania-and-crash.

S&P, 12mo-55%
Fed
Energy
10Y
Unemp
CPI
Gold
DXY
VIX40